ECONOMY & MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the field of political economy and economics from the ancient world to the present day. Although British philosopher Adam Smith is cited by many as the father of modern economics, his ideas built upon a considerable body of work from predecessors in the eighteenth century. They in turn were grappling with ideas received from centuries before and attempting to apply them to a modern setting. In this sense, Smith was an interpreter to his day of ages-old information. Economics was not considered a separate discipline until the nineteenth century. In his works on politics and ethics, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle grappled with the "art" of wealth acquisition and the question of whether property is best left in private or public hands. In medieval times, scholars like Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price. Economic thought evolved from

The budget of a company is compiled annually. A finished budget usually requires considerable effort and can be seen as a financial plan for the new financial year. While traditionally the Finance department compiles the company's budget, modern software allows hundreds or even thousands of people in various departments (operations, human resources, IT etc) to contribute their expected revenues and expenses to the final budget. If the actual numbers delivered through the financial year turn come close to the budget, this suggests that the managers understand their business and have been successfully driving it in the intended direction. On the other hand, if the actuals diverge wildly from the budget, this sends an 'out of control' signal, and the share price could suffer as a result. Budget types Sales budget: The sales budget is an estimate of future sales, often broken down into both units and dollars. It is used to create company sales goals. Production budget: Product

Supervisor is a manager on first level from management, and accepts job activity result and straightforward routine reporting of executor or clerk in an organizational unit. Supervisor shall have special skill which is: Communications Inform what does be wanted management to staff executor and informing what does be wanted executor clerk to its manager and as mediator among clerk and management to be able to commutes information. Empowering Ability in empower subordinate via more authority the huge application, so they perceive more can and motivated. E.g., delegating authority to abilities appropriate subordinate, giving trust to subordinate, giving chance to subordinate to take a decision deep given task working out. Managing people and change Constituting ability brings off subordinate and change to reach to the effect, according to vision, mission, and firm strategy. This activity ranges 1. Making program and clear job target for its subordinate. 2. According to mission and firm vi

Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment". It is additionally characterised by its "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade". The questions within financial economics are typically framed in terms of "time, uncertainty, options and information". • Time: money now is traded for money in the future. • Uncertainty (or risk): The amount of money to be transferred in the future is uncertain. • options: one party to the transaction can make a decision at a later time that will affect subsequent transfers of money. • Information: knowledge of the future can reduce, or possibly eliminate, the uncertainty associated with future monetary value (FMV). Given its scope, as above, financial economics tends to deal with the workings of financial

The world economy can be evaluated in various ways, depending on the model used, and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example, in 2006 US dollars). It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth, and is therefore somewhat of a misnomer, since, while definitions and representations of the "world economy" vary widely, they must at a minimum exclude any consideration of resources or value based outside of the Earth. For example, while attempts could be made to calculate the value of currently unexploited mining opportunities in unclaimed territory in Antarctica, the same opportunities on Mars would not be considered a part of the world economy – even if currently exploited in some way – and could be considered of latent value only in the same way as uncreated intellectual property, such as a previously unconceived invention. Beyond the minimum standard of concerning value in production, use, and exchange on the planet Earth, definitions, rep

Multilateral donor institute World Bank praises Indonesian economics robustness face crisis. In 10 the last years, a variety progress was reached, beginning of economic resource step-up, poverty cut back, until gets little to abroad loan. Indonesia enters crisis with positioning stronger of economic fundamental facet. Commanding ability in brings off financially, also better. With this condition, even economics situation universalizes to deteriorate, economics in here can go on growing among 4, 5 - 5, 5 percents. But what happen proximately deep this crisis period is so difficult. Its outgrows total strange investor in capital market domestic to make Indonesia so vulnerable to capital flight one that can happen at call external distortion effect. Of proprietary data World Bank, gross domestic product (PDB) Indonesia since year 2002 praises growths average as big as 5 6 percents per year. Up to one its decade Indonesian have done cure and on the defensive extraordinarily. Even actuall

Largely person which regarding to fall to an area a new one e.g. manages child, writing book, beginning new business, looking for other investment to be lit upon qualm and fear, well that unsuccessful fear, fear was laughed at by friend, and also fear to fail. Eventually qualm and fear that is that just makes we are difficult up to success. Have cold feet and alarm will only made us road at place and not visiting make headway. Person – successful person are that successful keep away qualm that counterbalanced by vehement struggle taste, oomph and persistency to reach for to the effect. Hereunder strategies to render your dream in financials area and as person which success: 1. Don't market problem alarm, invest money that you have. 2. Change what you get to change, accept what do you can't change. 3. Idiomatic decompressing “ I am not a salesman ” from you 4. Don't over little problem, in order not to becomes big problem. 5. Realize about that don't you know and that do

Barrack Obama was official being inaugurated as President Of 44th America. USA'S citizen own hopes Obama aptly does changing appropriate what already it campaigns before. Middle east no matter, are not also USA'S soldier problem at Iraq and also Guantanamo's Jail problem that becomes to priorities Obama's main now, but USA'S economy problem, one that in it concern economy stimulus and field uncovering talks shop new. Promising Umpteen following remedial Economic Obama: 1. Applying windfall profit's taxes to oil company. 2. Giving credit business units returnable taxes as big as US$ 3.000. 3. Giving US$250 thousand for equipment and property utility to erase small enterprise expenditure. 4. Fund for the price US$25 milliard for infrastructure. 5. US$25'S fund milliard for part state. 6. US$50'S fund milliard to help automotive industry. 7. Abolishing income tax on small enterprise. 8. Mark sense moratorium to lady of the house that wants to pay

A stock exchange, securities exchange or (in Europe) bourse is a corporation or mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of securities as well as other financial instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. The securities traded on a stock exchange include: shares issued by companies, unit trusts and other pooled investment products and bonds. To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it has to be listed there. Trade on an exchange is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets is driven by various factors which, as in all free markets, affect

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The organization has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and hosts regular meetings among the oil ministers of its Member Countries. Indonesia's membership from OPEC was voluntarily suspended recently as it became a net importer of oil. OPEC's influence on the market has been widely criticized. Several members of OPEC alarmed the world and triggered high inflation across both the developing and developed world when they used oil embargoes in the 1973 oil crisis. OPEC's ability to control the price of oil has diminished somewhat since then, due to the subsequent discovery and development of large oil reserves in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea, the opening up of Russia, and market modernization. Venezuela was the first country to move t

The foreign exchange (currency or FX) market is where currency trading takes place. FX transactions typically involve one party purchasing a quantity of one currency in exchange for paying a quantity of another. The foreign exchange market that we see today started evolving during the 1970s when world over countries gradually switched to floating exchange rate from their erstwhile exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system till 1971. Today, the FX market is one of the largest and most liquid financial markets in the world, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, corporations, governments, and other institutions. The average daily volume in the global foreign exchange and related markets is continuously growing. Traditional daily turnover was reported to be over US$3.2 trillion in April 2007 by the Bank for International Settlements. Since then, the market has continued to grow. According to Euro money’s annual FX Po

Capitalism is an economic system in which wealth, and the means of producing wealth, are privately owned and controlled rather than publicly or state-owned and controlled. In capitalism, the land, labor, capital and all other resources, are owned, operated and traded by private individuals or corporations for the purpose of profit, and where investments, distribution, income, production, pricing and supply of goods, commodities and services are primarily determined by private decision in a market economy largely free of government intervention. A distinguishing feature of capitalism is that each person owns his or her own labor and therefore is allowed to sell the use of it to employers. In capitalism, private rights and property relations are protected by the rule of law of a limited regulatory framework.[7][8] In the modern capitalist state, legislative action is confined to defining and enforcing the basic rules of the market, though the state may provide some public goods and infr

The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI) is one of the measures of national income and input for a given country's economy. GDP is defined as the total cost of all finished goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time (usually a 365-day year). It is sometimes regarded as the sum of profits added at every level of production (the intermediate stages) of all final goods and services produced within a country in a stipulated timeframe, and it is rarely given a monetary value. The most common approach to measuring and quantifying GDP is the expenditure method: GDP = consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports − imports), or, GDP = C + I + G + (X-M). "Gross" means that depreciation of capital stock is not taken into consideration. If net investment (which is gross investment taking depreciation into consideration) is substituted for gross investment in the equation above, then the formula for net domes