ECONOMY & MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

Time management refers to a range of skills, tools, and techniques utilized to accomplish specific tasks, projects and goals. This set encompass a wide scope of activities, and these include planning, setting goals, delegation, analysis of time spent, monitoring, organizing, scheduling, and prioritizing. Initially time management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually the term broadened to include personal activities also. A time management system is a designed combination of processes, tools and techniques. Time management in a broad sense involves both planning and execution. Money can be earned back, however the time once gone is gone. That is what makes time management a really important activity. There is however no agreed and definite way of time management. It depends on the individual person, as how they manage their schedule, and prioritize their activities. The label "time management" cannot predate the widespread use of the word "manageme...

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries or regions to discuss the regional economy, cooperation, trade and investment. The activities, including year-round meetings of the members' ministers, are coordinated by the APEC Secretariat. The organization conducts the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, an annual summit attended by the heads of government of all APEC members which is represented under the name Chinese Taipei by a ministerial-level official at the behest of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In January 1989, Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke called for more effective economic cooperation across the Pacific Rim region. This led to the first meeting of APEC in the Australian capital Canberra in November, chaired by Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Gareth Evans. Attended by political ministers from twelve countries, the meeting concluded with commitments for future annual meetings in Singapore and South Korea. The initial ...

Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms, i.e. inflation-adjusted terms, in order to net out the effect of inflation on the price of the goods and services produced. In economics, "economic growth" or "economic growth theory" typically refers to growth of potential output, i.e., production at "full employment," which is caused by growth in aggregate demand or observed output.As an area of study, economic growth is generally distinguished from development economics. The former is primarily the study of how countries can advance their economies. The latter is the study of the economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Origins of the concept and theories of economic growth In 1377, the Arabian economic thinker Ibn Khaldun ...

John Maynard Keynes said in 1927. “We will not have any crashes in our time.” Dr Irving Fisher, another distinguished economist, said on October 17, 1929. “Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau.” US Treasury Secretary and Harvard Economic Society, among others, publicly shared their confidence. They were reflecting on the state of the economy that was booming. It was a time when drivers and window cleaners eves-dropped on the conversations of their patrons to collect tips on shares. The DJ Index doubled from little less than 200 when Keynes made his prediction to almost 400 when Dr Fisher announced the high plateau of the state of the market. Within two weeks of Dr Fisher’s forecast, it had crashed by over 40% to reach 200 again. All those who had invested their savings from 1927 to 1929 were impoverished overnight. Several of them committed suicide. By 1933, the DJ Index lost 90% of its value from the day of Dr Fisher’s ‘high plateau’ proclamation to rea...

George Elton Mayo (26 December 1880 - 7 September 1949) was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist. He lectured at the University of Queensland from 1919 to 1923 before moving to the University of Pennsylvania, but spent most of his career at Harvard Business School (1926 - 1947), where he was professor of industrial research. On 18 April 1913 he married Dorothea McConnel in Brisbane. They had two daughters. Mayo is known as the founder of the Human Relations Movement, and is known for his research including the Hawthorne Studies, and his book The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization (1933). The research he conducted under the Hawthorne Studies of the 1930s showed the importance of groups in affecting the behavior of individuals at work. However it was not Mayo who conducted the practical experiments but his employees Roethlisberger and Dickinson. This enabled him to make certain deductions about how managers should behave. He carried out a number...

1. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE Transportation management is a activity that executed by transportation or unit in organizational industrial or trade service to moves or transport passenger. Management of a operated goods transportation at one particular manufacturing industry, constituting line accountability because corporate main target that is up to gain of effort satisfy its customer. In a general way, transportation management faces three main tasks which is: 1. Arranging plan and program to reach to the effect and organization mission all. 2. Increasing productivity and firm performance. 3. Social’s impact and social's accountability to operated transportation. Transportation management function in industrial manufacturing in a general way is: 1. Plotting, managing and coordinating and administration all kind transportation at exhaustive corporate until gets most management as efficient as maybe good for goods and also passenger transportation to fire an employee. 2...

Management consciousness (Risk Management) on firms at Indonesian still bottommost, it can be seen from its minim implementation to prevent jeopardy well of financials facet and also of nonfinancial facet to faced business risk by corporate that. Its low is this consciousness makes a lot of firm become bankrupt or experience another problems without detected earlier. Variably in comparison with banking sector that is assessed highest deep apply its management principle because tights specified order it by Indonesia Bank. A variety business risk which faced by firms at Indonesian among those is financial factor and factor non finance. Evident jeopardy management practice can detect happening gaffe deep corporate more early. It can be modeled as follows: 1. factor financially: accounting Value At Risk (VaR) namely disadvantaged potency extrapolation for certain period. 2. factor non finance: car producer that rise descent of armor price. Kinds of risk management are: 1. Speculative risk...

SOCIAL EVOLUTION Money is an invention of the human mind. The creation of money is made possible because human beings have the capacity to accord value to symbols. Money is a symbol that represents the value of goods and services. The acceptance of any object as money – be it wampum, a gold coin, a paper currency note or a digital bank account balance – involves the consent of both the individual user and the community. Thus, all money has a psychological and a social as well as an economic dimension. As human society has evolved, the nature and function of money has evolved too. While a history of money may trace the origin and usage of different forms of money at different times and in different parts of the world, an evolutionary perspective on money traces the social and psychological changes in human attitude and collective behavior that made possible this historical development. Barter Before the invention of money, barter was the primary medium of exchange. An individual possess...

The World Bank said the global economy will enter a recession for the first time since 1982. Equally distressing, international trade will also decline from 2007 levels. Incredibly, the bank said it now expects global GDP growth to decline to a scant 0.9% in 2009 from 2.5% in 2008. That is a recession for the global economy, as any global growth rate under 2.0% is tantamount to a recession, economist David H. Wang said. "This is very concerning news, if the World Bank's forecast proves to be accurate," Wang said. "Up to now many forecasts had global growth in the 1.5-2.0% range for 2009. My own estimate was for 1.8-2.0% GDP growth. A GDP rate below 0.9% is a major recession, which will mean higher unemployment, lower corporate revenue, and decreased trade, in most nations." Further, global trade is expected to decline 2.1% in 2009, the bank said, its first decline since 1982, on reduced global demand and export credits. The World Bank said the financial crisis h...

The history of money spans thousands of years. Numismatics is the scientific study of money and its history in all its varied forms. Modern money (and most ancient money) is essentially a token — in other words, an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, objects of gold or silver present many of money's essential properties. The term Price system is sometimes used to refer to methods using commodity valuation or money accounting systems. The emergence of money Shells of the pea-sized sea snail Nassarius kraussianus from Blombos Cave, South Africa, 75,000 B.C. Wear marks indicate the shells were strung as a necklace or bracelet. The Sumer civilization developed a large scale economy based on commodity money. The Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of it today, in terms of rules on debt, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices and private p...

PROBABILITY THEORY Predicting more complex leadership success instead of draws out severally characteristic or preferred behavior. Failing to get consistent result push attention on affecting situation. To say that leadership effectiveness hinges on situation is other instead of can segregate that condition. By dozens studies that tries choose factor is of important situation who regard leadership effectiveness. Severally approaching to sort situation's key variable evident more successful instead of the other approaching, and its result have gotten wider confession. That approaching for example: Fiedler's model, situation Hersey's theory and Blanchard, member chief interchange theory, intent band model and model chief participation. In this paper will work through probability theory fiedler's model. Fiedler's Model probability theory Good leader, participative, and gets consideration not eternally constitute best boss, sometimes exists exemption. Model that help t...

The correlation and interplay among oil-market supply and demand, falling oil prices, and the financial crisis Why are the oil prices falling? The oil price reflects supply and demand on the global market: A fall in oil prices can be due to either increasing supply or decreasing demand. Supply factors: How can production be on the increase when the Energy Watch Group (EWG) assumes that the peak of global oil extraction has already been reached? In its report “Crude Oil – The Supply Outlook”, the Energy Watch Group explained that advanced technologies make a temporary production increase possible. In some cases, though, employing these methods leads to an even-more-rapid decrease in output in the long run and sometimes actually reduces the total amount of extractable oil from the affected fields. Demand factors: The unprecedented spike in the price of oil in the period of a few months in mid-2008 provoked a global shockwave among consumers that was reflected in the automobile and aircra...

COST CLASSIFICATION, CONCEPT, AND PURPOSE Chapter two Manufacturing business Cost current and business concern Cost current up to production function points out many the importance for difference registry among had out manufacturing and commerce business that buy goods that ready to been resolved or service aught not have stock that readily been sold. Following is description of three stockpiling type for manufacturing business: 1. raw material, are material base cost and a part already be bought and reserve for converted by approaching term as goods which readily been sold from form that variably been classified as raw material 2. goods in processes, stockpiling that was utterly is finished but need more process before that goods gets to be sold at conceive of stockpiling in processes. 3. Finished goods, specified total cost up to production operation on exhaustive goods which utterly been fitted-up and readily on sale is agglomerated one for finished goods stockpiling. Cost of goo...

COST CLASSIFICATION, CONCEPT, AND PURPOSE The importance for Cost Information Cost information used by manager for five aims: 1. Stockpiling research, management shall know cost which that includes in investor firm. 2. Propertied determination, management needs to know cost that reduce of income in write-up balance to establish gain in one period. 3. Financial planning, management needs cost information to plot future with desirable financial target. 4. Controlling, management needs information hit current cost result than expectation cost. 5. Decision maker, management oftentimes evaluates a group cost with kind – actions alternative kind which best option that is chosen. This is spontaneous on product or service design, combine or pricing. Two terminologies that right usually been used for deep accounting management vocabulary is cost and charges. Cost is sacrificial economic of resource traded by one product or service, meanwhile charges is cost that expired. Before we can deci...

Published works Adam Smith published a large body of works throughout his life, some of which have shaped the field of economics. Smith's first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments was written in 1759. It provided the ethical, philosophical, psychological and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), A Treatise on Public Opulence (1764) (first published in 1937), Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896), and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) Main article: The Theory of Moral Sentiments In 1759, Smith published his first work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. He continued to revise the work throughout his life, making extensive revisions to the final (6th) edition shortly before his death in 1790. Although The Wealth of Nations is widely regarded as Smith's most ...

World stock markets dived Thursday, particularly in Asia where investors played catch-up with previous losses in Europe and the United States, after dismal U.S. retail sales data and fresh worries about the global banking system. Every market in Asia suffered steep declines, with broad selling seen across industries from energy to financials to exporters. A record 16.2 percent fall in Japanese machinery orders in November from the previous month further hurt sentiment in Asia. The Nikkei plunged 415.14 points, or 4.9 percent, to 8,023.31, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index fell 461.65 points, or 3.4 percent, to 13,242.96 after earlier sinking about 5 percent. South Korea's Kospi dropped 6 percent to 1,111.34, while markets in Australia and Taiwan fell 4 percent or more. Singapore's benchmark was down 3.4 percent but Shanghai stocks were only slightly lower. In Europe, the losses were less marked, as the major indexes had tumbled almost 5 percent on Wednesday and because of e...

Nearly we may not get to result money without have capital or money to launch forth because to launch forth have to need capital. But if I am brought up on condition creating money without money , in the meaning have no cowries or capital in launches forth, therefore capital to launch forth me am capital think, knowledge, and science. One of the ways that we can result money without money but utilize capital that I above have are with make effort or business plan proposal for then are proposed to capital owner or investor, where is our following will get position as owner or investor effort and one owner our effort as investor that give capital or investor who will get a part gain. In this case we don't utilize our own money but utilize seed money of others, so we carry on to carry on business others with capital our currently one have, which is think, knowledge and science. Money that we gets will come from business that we runs that, and can utilize production sharing system wher...

Full name Adam Smith Birth Baptised 16 June 1723 [OS: 5 June 1723] Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland Death 17 July 1790 (aged 67) Edinburgh, Scotland School/tradition Classical economics Main interests Political philosophy, ethics, economics Notable ideas Classical economics, modern free market, division of labour, the "invisible hand" Adam Smith was born to Margaret Douglas at Kirkcaldy, Scotland. His father, also named Adam Smith, was a lawyer, civil servant, and widower who married Margaret Douglas in 1720. His father died six months before Smith's birth. The exact date of Smith's birth is unknown; however, his baptism was recorded on 16 June 1723 at Kirkcaldy. Though few events in Smith's early childhood are known, Scottish journalist and biographer of Smith John Rae recorded that Smith was abducted by gypsies at the age of four and eventually released when others went to rescue him. Smith was particularly close to his mother, who likely encouraged him to pursue his s...