ECONOMY & MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

The World Bank was created following the ratification of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference|Bretton Woods agreement. The concept was originally conceived in July 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. Two years later, the Bank issued its first loan: US$250 million to France for post-war reconstruction, the main focus of the Bank's work in the early post-World War II years. Over time, the "development" side of the Bank's work has assumed a larger share of its lending, although it is still involved in post-conflict reconstruction, together with reconstruction after natural disasters, response to humanitarian emergencies and post-conflict rehabilitation needs affecting developing and transition economies. There were criticisms of the results of the World Bank's "development schemes" leading to corruption and widespread exploitation by the corporations who are given monopolies of developing nations' resources. The...

Business economics is that part of economic theory which focuses on business enterprises and inquires into the factors contributing to the diversity of organizational structures and to the relationships of firms with labour, capital and product markets. Business Economics is concerned with economic issues and problems related to business organization, management and strategy. Issues and problems such as the following: • an explanation of why firms emerge and exist • why they expand: horizontally, vertically and spacially • the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship • the significance of organizational structure • the relationship of firms with employees, the employees, the providers of capital, the customers, the government • the interactions between firms and the business environment. The term Business Economics is used in a variety of ways. Sometimes it used as synonymously with - Industrial Economics - Industrial Organisation - Managerial Economics - Economics for Business. Indu...

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated 'GATT') was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was formed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization. The Bretton Woods Conference had introduced the idea for an organization to regulate trade as part of a larger plan for economic recovery after World War II. As governments negotiated the ITO, 15 negotiating states began parallel negotiations for the GATT as a way to attain early tariff reductions. Once the ITO failed in 1950, only the GATT agreement was left. The GATT's main objective was the reduction of barriers to international trade. This was achieved through the reduction of tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and subsidies on trade through a series of agreements. The GATT was a treaty, not an organization. The functions of the GATT were taken over by the World Trade Organization...

In economics, an import is any good (e.g. a commodity) or service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. It is a good that is brought in from another country for sale. Import goods or services are provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving country is an export to the sending country. Imports, along with exports, form the basis of international trade. Import of goods normally requires involvement of the Customs authorities in both the country of import and the country of export and are often subject to import quotas, tariffs and trade agreements. when the "imports" are the set of goods and services imported, "Imports" also means the economic value of all goods and services that are imported. The macroeconomic variable I usually stands for the value of these imports over a given period of time, usually one year. Balance of trade A country has demand for an import when dome...

Of many researches at various state, appear efforts behavioral form (monopoly) one that insanitary, disadvantage on economic aspect and also another aspect: 1. Distinguished monopolistic force as ability to determine price will disadvantage people and producer because they shall pay product at the price that tall than if market in a state competitive. 2. Production don't walk efficiently since firm have push to reduce market supply for get tall price. Increase resulting production market monopolistic will inferior than if perfect ala walking market. 3. Economics as a whole will experience deadweight losses of production and also consumption flank. 4. Its appearance is cost which unproductive, as advertising expense, lobbying for meeting production requisition. It is done that firm one will got production capacity pock that is targeted so finally will emerge greater market image. Anti monopoly can materialize if market in condition perfect emulation, but has to measure up which is...